libzahl

big integer library
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commit 8c2c44669b49e9f6bc95f08b2505b11b9b66082f
parent 821d9893f5749db996a3a384c50c75ed92bafe2e
Author: Mattias Andrée <maandree@kth.se>
Date:   Fri, 13 May 2016 16:56:12 +0200

On odd/even and signum

Signed-off-by: Mattias Andrée <maandree@kth.se>

Diffstat:
Mdoc/number-theory.tex | 90++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
1 file changed, 87 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/doc/number-theory.tex b/doc/number-theory.tex @@ -1,7 +1,8 @@ \chapter{Number theory} \label{chap:Number theory} -TODO +In this chapter, you will learn about the +number theoretic functions in libzahl. \vspace{1cm} \minitoc @@ -11,14 +12,97 @@ TODO \section{Odd or even} \label{sec:Odd or even} -TODO % zodd zeven zodd_nonzero zeven_nonzero +There are four functions available for testing +the oddness and evenness of an integer: + +\begin{alltt} + int zodd(z_t a); + int zeven(z_t a); + int zodd_nonzero(z_t a); + int zeven_nonzero(z_t a); +\end{alltt} + +\noindent +{\tt zodd} returns 1 if {\tt a} contains an +odd value, or 0 if {\tt a} contains an even +number. Conversely, {\tt zeven} returns 1 if +{\tt a} contains an even value, or 0 if {\tt a} +contains an odd number. {\tt zodd\_nonzero} and +{\tt zeven\_nonzero} behave exactly like {\tt zodd} +and {\tt zeven}, respectively, but assumes that +{\tt a} contains a non-zero value, if not +undefined behaviour is invoked, possibly in the +form of a segmentation fault; they are thus +sligtly faster than {\tt zodd} and {\tt zeven}. + +It is discouraged to test the returned value +against 1, we should always test against 0, +treating all non-zero value as equivalent to 1. +For clarity, we use also avoid testing that +the returned value is zero, for example, rather +than {\tt !zeven(a)} we write {\tt zodd(a)}. \newpage \section{Signum} \label{sec:Signum} -TODO % zsignum zzero +There are two functions available for testing +the sign of an integer, one of the can be used +to retrieve the sign: + +\begin{alltt} + int zsignum(z_t a); + int zzero(z_t a); +\end{alltt} + +\noindent +{\tt zsignum} returns $-1$ if $a < 0$, +$0$ if $a = 0$, and $+1$ if $a > 0$, that is, + +\vspace{1em} +\( \displaystyle{ + \mbox{sgn}~a = \left \lbrace \begin{array}{rl} + -1 & \textrm{if}~ a < 0 \\ + 0 & \textrm{if}~ a = 0 \\ + +1 & \textrm{if}~ a > 0 + \end{array} \right . +}\) +\vspace{1em} + +\noindent +It is discouraged to compare the returned value +against $-1$ and $+1$; always compare against 0, +for example: + +\begin{alltt} + if (zsignum(a) > 0) "positive"; + if (zsignum(a) >= 0) "non-negative"; + if (zsignum(a) == 0) "zero"; + if (!zsignum(a)) "zero"; + if (zsignum(a) <= 0) "non-positive"; + if (zsignum(a) < 0) "negative"; + if (zsignum(a)) "non-zero"; +\end{alltt} + +\noindent +However, when we are doing arithmetic with the +signum, we may relay on the result never being +any other value than $-1$, $0$, and $+0$. +For example: + +\begin{alltt} + zset(sgn, zsignum(a)); + zadd(b, sgn); +\end{alltt} + +{\tt zzero} returns 0 if $a = 0$ or 1 if +$a \neq 0$. Like with {\tt zsignum}, avoid +testing the returned value against 1, rather +test that the returned value is not 0. When +however we are doing arithmetic with the +result, we may relay on the result never +being any other value than 0 or 1. \newpage